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From War to Genocide > Ibishya

Ibishya mu gitabo cyasohotse bundi bushya muri Kamena 2017 : Kuva ku ntambara kugera kuri jenoside. Poritiki zishingiye ku bugizi bwa nabi mu Rwanda (1990-1994).

Gukomeza gutera imbere mu nzira iruhije y’ukuri n’ubutabera

Nyuma y’intambara na jenoside, byabaye ngombwa ko inzego zinyuranye z’umuryango mpuzamahanga zitanga ibisobanuro ku ihungabana ryatewe n’ubwicanyi ndengakamere no ku birebana n’uko Urwego rw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye rwashyiriweho gufasha u Rwanda rwaremeye ko nta cyo rwakoze ngo ruhoshe ubwo bwicanyi. Byabaye ngombwa kwimakaza ibintu bibiri, ari byo ukuri n’ubutabera, kugira ngo babashe gusobanura impamvu zateye ayo mahano n’uburyo yakozwe, gukurikirana abakoze ibyaha bidasaza bya jenoside, ibyaha by’intambara n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Bityo rero, muri Nyakanga 1994, Umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi, ishyaka ry’inyeshyamba ryashinzwe n’impunzi z’Abatutsi muri Uganda, umaze gufata ubutegetsi, inzego z’ubutegetsi z’agateganyo zimaze gushyirwaho, amaperereza menshi yakorwaga n’imiryango mpuzamahanga amaze gutangira, ibyo bintu bibiri byabaye nk’ihame. Nyuma y’amezi make, hashyizweho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kugira ngo rwunganire inzego z’ubucamanza mu Rwanda zari zarasenyutse burundu, mu gihe zarimo kubakwa bundi bushya.

Akazi gashimishije ko gushaka ukuri n’ubutabera, ariko kabogamye

Mu gihe kigera ku myaka cumi n’itanu, ubwo hakorwaga imirimo yo kongera kubaka igihugu, hakozwe akazi gashimishije ko gushaka ukuri n’ubutabera mu nzira ziruhije, mu rwego rw’igihugu no mu rwego mpuzamahanga nk’uko iki gitabo kibyerekana. Ariko rero, raporo nyinshi zanditswe n’ibyakozwe byinshi birebana n’ubucamanza ntibyashoboye kugabanya amarangamutima mu Banyarwanda. Bamaze kwirukana ku butegetsi abacitse kw’icumu bo mu mashyaka atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi aharanira demokarasi yakoreraga imbere mu gihugu, abasirikare ba FPR bashyizeho bagitangira inzira ntarengwa zikaze, zireba uruhande rumwe, berekana ko badashaka iperereza iryo ari ryo ryose rikozwe mu rwego rw’igihugu cyangwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga, ku myitwarire yabo mu ntambara no ku byaha by’intambara n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu baregwa. Babishyigikiwemo n’Abanyamerika, Porokireri wa TPIR yabemereye m’Ugushyingo 2005 ko ahagaritse burundu gukurikirana abantu ba FPR batsinze intambara. Bityo, FPR yatangije poritiki yayo y’ubucamanza bwa rubanda yatumye ikurikirana kugera mu ntangiriro za 2010 Abahutu bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri.

Mu bice by’amateka yandikwa na Leta, birumvikana ko harimo ukudasobanura ibirebana n’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida ryabaye ku itariki ya 6 Mata 1994, indege yapfiriyemo ibikomerezwa byo mu butegetsi bwa Habyarimana. Iyo dosiye ikurura impaka nyinshi ariko igaca ku ruhande uruhare FPR yagize mu bikorwa by’ubwicanyi bukabije bwabaye. Mu by’ukuri, kongera gushoza intambara ntibyaturutse ku cyemezo cyafashwe kitatekerejweho cyangwa cyatewe nuko ibintu byari byifashe muri icyo gihe. Ni icyemezo cyagaragaje poritiki yatekerejweho bihagije kandi yateguwe, yasuzumwe igashyirwa mu bikorwa, kandi yatangajwe kenshi mbere y’uko ishyirwa mu bikorwa. FPR yari izi neza ko nta ngabo ziturutse mu mahanga zizaza gufasha uwo bari bahanganye ngo ziyibuze gutsinda intambara nkuko byagenze yubuye imirwano muri Gashyantare 1993. Ariko igikorwa cyayo nticyatumye inzego z’ubutegetsi zisenyuka cyangwa ngo ubuyobozi bw’ingabo bukwire imishwaro. Icyo gikorwa cy’ingufu cyatekerejweho cyagaragaje ukutita na gato ku ngaruka zibabaje cyateye.

Umpungenge ko ubudahanwa bushobora gukwira hose

Muri iyi minsi, nyuma y’aho Perezida Paul Kagame yerekanye ko ashobora kuguma ku butegetsi kugera mu mwaka wa 2034, akaba kandi ku giti cye yarafashe iya mbere mu kwerekana ko Abanyafurika batishimiye inkiko mpuzamahanga, ibintu byose bigaragaza ko kuba adashobora guhanwa kubera ko ari perezida bizakoma mu nkokora igihe kirekire imirimo yose irebana no gukomeza amapereza yabyaye igihwereye cyangwa raporo zakorwa n’inzego mpuzamahanga zikaba zarahagaritswe (IATA, ONU, Union africaine, …), kimwe n’ikurikiranwa mu bucamanza ry’abagize uruhande rwatsinze intambara (ICTR, Espagne, France, …).

Ubudahanwa kuri bamwe butuma intambwe yatewe mu kazi kose kakozwe hagamijwe kugera ku kuri n’ubutabera itagera ku bantu benshi. Bityo rero, nta bihugu byakiriye impunzi z’Abanyarwanda bigishaka gucira imanza abantu bakekwaho kuba «abajenosideri», baba abashakishwa cyangwa abadashakishwa, akenshi bakingiwe ikibaba cyangwa bahindutse. Byongeye kandi, ibyo bihugu ntibyishimira guhora mu makimbirane ya buri gihe yerekeye ukwizerwa guke kw’impapuro zo gufata zibogamye n’ibimenyetso bikemangwa bitangwa n’Ubushinjacyaha bukuru bw’u Rwanda, kimwe n’ukwizerwa guke ku micire y’imanza ziciwe mu buryo butabera mu Rwanda abaregwa baramutse boherejweyo. Ikindi gikomeye kandi, n’ubwo imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta imwe n’imwe na za ambasade z’u Rwanda bikomeje gushyigikira ubutegetsi, ukurambirwa kweruye kw’abayobozi bo mu nzego za poritiki n’iz’ubucamanza mu bihugu by’amahanga kumaze kugera mu baturage no mu binyamakuru bigaragaza ko bitakitaye cyane kuri izo manza.

Ikibazo cy’ibanze cyerekeye uburenganzira bwo kugera aho inyandiko zibitswe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko ziri

Umuntu ashobora kwibaza impamvu hakomeza kubaho urujijo ku birebana n’intambara yabereye mu Rwanda kandi ibihugu bikomeye byayigizemo uruhare – Ubufaransa, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, Ubudage, Ububiligi, ndetse n’Ubwongereza na Kanada, tutibagiwe n’ibihugu bikikije u Rwanda nka Uganda – bifite amakuru yabifasha kumenya ukuri ku byabaye.

Ni yo mpamvu abaturage basanga ko bikwiye gushyigikira n’ingufu nyinshi uburengazira bwo kugera aho inyandiko zibitswe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko ziri, zaba inyandiko mpuzamahanga cyangwa izo mu gihugu imbere, kugira ngo bashobore guhangana n’imiterere y’uko ibintu bimeze cyangwa n’ubufatanye buhoraho bugararagara mu miryango mpuzamahanga ikora uko ishoboye ngo izitire ko amadosiye itumvikanaho ajya ahagararagara, guhisha amakuru avuguruza uruhare rw’abategetsi bakiri ku kazi kandi « bazi ukuri ku byabaye ».

Muri iyi myaka ishize, uburyo bwo kugera ku nyandiko zabitswe na Leta y’Ubufaransa bwateye intambwe gato. Bityo, umuntu yatekereza ko ibitaravuzwe ku ruhare bw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda bishobora kuzajya ahagaragara mu bihe biri imbere kandi bidatinze. Ni nako muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika habaye intambwe mu mwaka wa 2014 mu rwego rwa The Campaign for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, yahariwe « Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo mpuzamahanga muri iki gihe cya za jenoside ». Cyakora, muri ibyo bihugu byombi, uretse ibyanditswe mu binyamakuru ku birebana no gushyira ahagaragara inyandiko zimwe na zimwe zibitswe mu ibanga, inyandiko z’ingenzi zerekeye ibyo abakozi bo mu nzego za gisirikare n’iz’ubutasi bohererezanyaga, ntizirashyirwa ahagaragara.

Ni ngombwa gusubukura impaka ku ngingo zirimo urujijo ku makuba yabereye mu Rwanda. Ni cyo kintu cy’ingezi gisigaye kugira ngo abahohotewe bose barenganurwe.

André Guichaoua